LibJS: Prevent stack overflow in flatten_into_array()

The check for stack space in VM from push_execution_context has been
moved to a method on VM called did_reach_stack_space_limit. This
allows us to check the stack size in other places besides
push_execution_context.

We can now verify that we have enough space on the stack before calling
flatten_into_array to ensure that we don't cause a stack overflow error
when calling the function with a large depth.

Userland/Libraries/LibJS/Runtime/ArrayPrototype.cpp

@@ -1945,6 +1945,11 @@ static size_t flatten_into_array(GlobalObject& global_object, Object& new_array,
         }
 
         if (depth > 0 && value.is_array(global_object)) {
+            if (vm.did_reach_stack_space_limit()) {
+                vm.throw_exception<Error>(global_object, "Call stack size limit exceeded");
+                return {};
+            }
+
             auto length = length_of_array_like(global_object, value.as_object());
             if (vm.exception())
                 return {};

Userland/Libraries/LibJS/Runtime/VM.h

@@ -105,12 +105,17 @@ public:
         return *m_single_ascii_character_strings[character];
     }
 
+    bool did_reach_stack_space_limit() const
+    {
+        // Note: the 32 kiB used to be 16 kiB, but that turned out to not be enough with ASAN enabled.
+        return m_stack_info.size_free() < 32 * KiB;
+    }
+
     void push_execution_context(ExecutionContext& context, GlobalObject& global_object)
     {
         VERIFY(!exception());
         // Ensure we got some stack space left, so the next function call doesn't kill us.
-        // Note: the 32 kiB used to be 16 kiB, but that turned out to not be enough with ASAN enabled.
-        if (m_stack_info.size_free() < 32 * KiB)
+        if (did_reach_stack_space_limit())
             throw_exception<Error>(global_object, "Call stack size limit exceeded");
         else
             m_execution_context_stack.append(&context);

Userland/Libraries/LibJS/Tests/builtins/Array/Array.prototype.flat.js

@@ -2,6 +2,16 @@ test("length is 0", () => {
     expect(Array.prototype.flat).toHaveLength(0);
 });
 
+describe("error", () => {
+    test("Issue #9317, stack overflow in flatten_into_array from flat call", () => {
+        var a = [];
+        a[0] = a;
+        expect(() => {
+            a.flat(3893232121);
+        }).toThrowWithMessage(Error, "Call stack size limit exceeded");
+    });
+});
+
 describe("normal behavior", () => {
     test("basic functionality", () => {
         var array1 = [1, 2, [3, 4]];